The net force acting on a body accelerates it. But it takes something to give the body an angular acceleration. A force is needed, but it must be applied in a way that creates a twisting or turning action. Torque, τ is the rotational version of force, and results from the application of one or more forces. Torque is specified relative to a chosen rotation axis or pivot.

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In 1686 Sir Isaac Newton published his work on the law of gravity in his Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

Newton's law of gravity states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with the force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

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Thermodynamics is the study of relationship between energy and entropy, which deals with heat and work. It is a set of theories that correlate macroscopic properties that we can measure (such as temperature, volume, and pressure) to energy and its capability to deliver work. A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter of fixed mass and identity. Everything external to the system is the surroundings and the system is separated from the surroundings by boundaries.

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These force laws, together with the laws of motion, are the foundations of classical mechanics. They are based on experimental observations and were formulated more than three centuries ago by Isaac Newton (1642-1727).

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Shortly after Oersted's discovery in 1819 that a compass needle is deflected by a current-carrying conductor, Jean Baptist Biot and Felix Savart reported that a conductor carrying a steady current exerts a force on a magnet.

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There are a few forms of this rule, and it can be applied in many ways. Originally, it was a trick for right-handed coordinate systems to determine the direction of the magnetic field surrounding a long, straight wire carrying a current. Note that the magnetic field lines form circles around the wire.

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Also called Pascal's Principle

Pascal's law — developed by French mathematician Blaise Pascal — states that when there is an increase in pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the container.

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Ohm's law was named after George Simon Ohm. It states that for many materials (including most metals), the ratio of the current density to the electric field is a constant, that is independent of the electric field producing the current.

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Newton's Law of Cooling

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Law of Atmospheres and Boltzmann Law

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Kepler's Laws

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Ideal Gas Law

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Generalized Hooke's Law

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Faraday's Law of Induction

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Coulomb's Law

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Buoyant Forces and Archimedes' Principle

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Ampere's Law

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