Missouri University of Science and Technology researchers are working to develop cyber additive manufacturing technology to create new metal materials that are stronger and lighter than conventional ones, which could make manufacturing more efficient and cheaper. The cyber manufacturing technology includes additive manufacturing process modeling, sensor network and seamless process integration.

Dr. Frank Liou, the Michael and Joyce Bytnar Professor of Product Innovation and Creativity at Missouri S&T, and Dr. Jagannanthan Sarangapani, William A. Rutledge-Emerson Electrical Co. Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Missouri S&T, are developing materials not currently in existence with 3D printers.

Liou and Sarangapani received a $146,758 grant from the National Science Foundation to support their research.

Structural amorphous metals (SAMs) are made through cyber-enabled additive manufacturing. Researchers use a laser to melt blown powder metal, which is deposited layer by layer to create whatever object is programmed into their computers. The trick is to get the cooling rate correct so that the metal is amorphous — that is, randomly constructed at the cellular level — instead of the natural state of crystalline formation.

Because they’re random like grains of sand on a beach, SAMs are harder, stronger and have more fracture toughness than metals in their natural state. Whereas a crystalline metal will break along its orderly cellular structure, an amorphous metal has no pattern and thus will resist breaking.

“The smaller the grains, the stronger it is,” Liou says.

The metallic glass structure of SAMs allows researchers to make materials that have low corrosive properties but high strength. The researchers hope to show 3d printers can make bigger and bigger parts. If they can make bigger parts, those used in industry will be stronger than parts made using current manufacturing processes.

Liou also says it might be possible to make a new material with 10 times the strength of a conventional one, which would mean 10 times less material would be needed to get the same strength. And that lowers the weight, size and production costs.

“If you can have the next breakthrough in materials,” Liou says, “you can have a lot of changes.”

Functionally gradient materials (FGMs) combine two metals that don’t combine easily, such as stainless steel and titanium or copper and steel. Properties of individual metals, such as thermal conductivity and mechanical strength, might be needed for an aircraft or spaceship part. “NASA is very interested” in the technology, Liou says. Sponsored by NASA’s Langley Research Center in Virginia, Liou is also working with Dr. Joseph Newkirk, associate professor of materials science and engineering, on FGM-related research.

To make the FGMs so that there is, for example, 100% copper on one side and 100% titanium on the other, the researchers have to blend them by using other metals to bridge the gap. When done, the new material — which doesn’t appear in nature — exhibits the traits of copper and titanium.

But because they’re also made with the laser, they’re formed in extreme heat.

“It’s a race with the cooling rate,” Liou says. “If you can be faster than the microstructure formation or the chemical reaction, you can fuse two metals together easily.”