After 10 years of intense study NASA's Cassini craft delivers the most detailed maps of Saturn's six moons.
Almost immediately after NASA’s twin Voyager spacecraft made their brief visits to Saturn in the early 1980s, scientists were hungry for more. The Voyagers had offered them only a brief glimpse of a family of new worlds — Saturn’s icy moons — and the researchers were eager to spend more time among those bodies.
The successor to the Voyagers at Saturn, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, has spent the past 10 years collecting images and other data as it has toured the Ringed Planet and its family of satellites. New color maps, produced from this trove of data, show that Cassini has essentially fulfilled one of its many mission objectives: producing global maps of Saturn’s six major icy moons.
These are the large Saturnian moons, excluding haze-covered Titan, known before the start of the Space Age: Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea and Iapetus. Aside from a gap in the north polar region of Enceladus (to be filled in next year), and some areas of Iapetus, this objective is now more or less complete.
Swipe between the Voyager and Cassini maps below to see how 10 years have changed our view of Saturn’s moons.
Map of Mimas.
Map of Enceladus.
Map of Tethys.
Map of Iapetus.
Cassini’s enhanced color views have yielded several important discoveries about the icy moons. The most obvious are differences in color and brightness between the two hemispheres of Tethys, Dione and Rhea. The dark reddish colors on the moons’ trailing hemispheres are due to alteration by charged particles and radiation in Saturn’s magnetosphere. Except for Mimas and Iapetus, the blander leading hemispheres of these moons — that is, the sides that always face forward as the moons orbit Saturn — are all coated with icy dust from Saturn’s E-ring, formed from tiny particles erupting from the south pole of Enceladus.
Enceladus itself displays a variety of colorful features. Some of the gas and dust being vented into space from large fractures near the moon’s south pole returns to the surface and paints Enceladus with a fresh coating. The yellow and magenta tones in Cassini’s color map are thought to be due to differences in the thickness of these deposits. Many of the most recently formed fractures on Enceladus, those near the south pole in particular, have a stronger ultraviolet signature, which appears bluish in these maps. Their color may be due to large-grained ice exposed on the surface, not unlike blue ice seen in some places in Earth’s Arctic.
Source: NASA